Advanced connectors
Concession, cause, result, conditions, register, and indicative–subjunctive choice.
Advanced connectors do two jobs: they link logic and select a mood
Choose a connector for the exact relationship—concession, cause, result, or condition—then decide whether the subordinate content is asserted (usually indicative) or hypothetical/non-asserted (often subjunctive).
Concession
| Connector | Register/meaning | Mood cue |
|---|---|---|
| encara que | although / even if | indicative for known fact; subjunctive for hypothesis |
| tot i que | although / despite the fact that | normally indicative with stated fact |
| malgrat que | although / despite the fact that | formal-neutral; mood follows assertion |
| per molt que | however much / no matter how much | normally subjunctive |
Cause
| Connector | Nuance | Example |
|---|---|---|
| perquè | because; direct explanation | Marxo perquè és tard. |
| com que | since; cause placed first as shared context | Com que plou, agafarem el metro. |
| ja que | since/given that; justification | Ja que hi som, acabem-ho. |
| atès que | given that; formal administrative/academic | Atès que no hi ha quòrum, se suspèn la sessió. |
Perquè plus indicative gives cause; perquè plus subjunctive gives purpose: Ho faig perquè funciona / Ho faig perquè funcioni.
Result and consequence
| Connector | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| tant/tan... que | degree causing a result | Feia tant fred que vam tornar. |
| de manera que | so that / with the result that | Va perdre el tren, de manera que va arribar tard. |
| de forma que | in such a way that / consequently | formal alternative |
| per tant / així doncs | therefore | sentence connector, not a subordinating conjunction |
Conditions and exceptions
| Connector | Meaning | Typical mood |
|---|---|---|
| sempre que | provided that / whenever | subjunctive for condition; indicative for repeated fact |
| a condició que | on condition that | subjunctive |
| a menys que | unless | subjunctive |
| en cas que | in case | subjunctive |
| llevat que / tret que | unless / except if | subjunctive |
Examples in context
Encara que plogui, farem l’activitat.
Even if it rains, we will do the activity.
Tot i que viu lluny, arriba sempre puntual.
Although she lives far away, she always arrives on time.
Per molt que insisteixis, no canviaré d’opinió.
No matter how much you insist, I will not change my mind.
Com que demà és festa, moltes botigues tancaran.
Since tomorrow is a holiday, many shops will close.
Ho repetirem perquè tothom ho entengui.
We will repeat it so that everyone understands.
Hi havia tanta gent que no podíem entrar.
There were so many people that we could not enter.
Va cancel·lar la reunió, de manera que vam tornar a casa.
She cancelled the meeting, so we went home.
T’hi pots quedar sempre que respectis les normes.
You can stay there provided that you respect the rules.
No ho publicarem a menys que ens donin permís.
We will not publish it unless they give us permission.
En cas que necessiteu ajuda, truqueu a aquest número.
In case you need help, call this number.
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